Should A Service Animal Be With Their Owner At All Times

Michelle Krawczyk, DNP, ARNP-BC

Abstruse

People with disabilities apply various assistance devices to better their capacity to lead independent and fulfilling lives. Service dogs tin be crucial lifesaving companions for their owners. As the employ of service dogs increases, nurses are more probable to come across them in healthcare settings. Service dogs are often confused with therapy or emotional support dogs. While some of their roles overlap, service dogs have distinct protection nether the American Disabilities Act (ADA). Knowing the laws and proper procedures regarding service dogs strengthens the abilities of healthcare providers to evangelize holistic, patient-centered care. This article provides background information virtually use of dogs, and discusses benefits to patients and access challenges for providers. The writer reviews ADA laws applicable to service dog apply and potential challenges and risks in acute care settings. The office of the healthcare professional is illustrated with an exemplar, along with recommendations for future enquiry and nursing implications related to care of patients with service dogs.

Citation: Krawczyk, M., (Nov 29, 2016) "Caring for Patients with Service Dogs: Information for Healthcare Providers" OJIN: The Online Periodical of Issues in Nursing Vol. 22, No. one.

DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No01PPT45
https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol22No01PPT45

Key Words: Service dog, Medical Alarm domestic dog, disabled person, inability, aid domestic dog, Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA, therapy dog, ADA accommodations, ADA laws

With advancing technology, patients utilize many different medical devices. In society to provide complete, holistic, and patient-centered care, information technology is important to take a working knowledge about such devices and how they help the patient. At that place is little information available for healthcare providers (HCP) about the roles of service dogs and professionals in caring for patients who use service dogs (Fairman & Huebner, 2000). Holistic care is hard to reach when a patient'due south service dog is disregarded equally a non-essential member of the patient healthcare team; nonetheless, service dogs are often excluded from the patient programme of intendance (Fairman & Huebner, 2000). In many cases, separating service dogs from patients in astute intendance settings is counterproductive to wellness and well-being.

The use of service dogs has risen considerably. The use of service dogs has risen considerably (Duncan, 2000). As their use continues to increment, nurses will encounter more service dogs when caring for patients. Improving pedagogy for healthcare providers about the apply of service dogs will build trust and provide amend care for patients who rely on service dogs to keep them safe and assist in maintaining health.

This commodity provides groundwork information virtually use of dogs, and discusses benefits to patients and access challenges for providers. The writer reviews ADA laws applicable to service dog use and potential challenges and risks in acute care settings. The office of the healthcare professional is illustrated with an exemplar, along with recommendations for future research and nursing implications related to care of patients with servic dogs.

Background

The concept of using dogs to aid people with disabilities has been effectually for centuries. Examples of the use of dogs appointment as far back as the ix^th century when dogs were provided to individuals with physical disabilities in a Belgian community (Shubert, 2012). In 1780, the use of a service dog for a blind man was first documented (Wenthold & Savage, 2007). Additionally, animals were used as a treatment for mental illness as early as the eighteen^th century (Shubert, 2012). The first formal service dog schoolhouse, The Seeing Center, was opened in the United States in 1929 (Wenthold & Vicious, 2007).

The use of service dogs has expanded significantly beyond the "seeing eye" dog.The use of service dogs has expanded significantly beyond the "seeing eye" canis familiaris. Dogs are used for a multifariousness of services to assistance their disabled handlers. Dogs assist their handlers with hearing, mobility, diabetes, seizures, allergies, mail service-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among other conditions (Mills & Yeager, 2012; U.South. Department of Health & Human Services, 2016). Research findings support the effectiveness of dogs in sniffing out cancer cells for numerous cancers, including prostate (Cornu, Cancel-Tassin, Ondet, Girardet, & Cussenot, 2011), lung (Amundsen, Sundstrom, Buvik, Gederaas, & Haaverstad, 2014), ovarian (Horvath, Andersson, & Nemes, 2013), colon (de Boer et al., 2014), chest (Gordon et al., 2008), and melanoma (Cambell, Farmery, George, Farrant, 2013).

Lengthy waiting lists at training facilities further demonstrate the increasing demand for service dogs to assist people with disabilities (Winkle, Crowe, & Hendrix, 2012). Requests for information nearly service dogs to the National Service Dog Center rose from a few thousand requests in 1995 to well over 34,000 requests in 1999 (Duncan, 2000). As the apply of service dogs increases, then volition their presence in healthcare facilities.

Benefits to Patients

Patients do good in many ways from service dogs. Healthy People 2020 seeks to improve health and "promote total customs participation" for people with disabilities (Role of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2014, para one). Service dogs aid people with disabilities improve meet each of these goals. Non only do dogs assist handlers with their disabilities, merely they tin can besides provide emotional support (Hubert, Tousignant, Routhier, Corriveau, & Champagne, 2013; Fairman & Huebner, 2000). People with disabilities are more likely than their nondisabled counterparts to feel depressed or have depression self-esteem (Collins et al., 2006).

The service domestic dog often eliminates the social barriers that exist for those who have disabilities and this can make a significant divergence to the lives of these patients. Members of the customs grinning more than at people with service dogs than those who do non have a service canis familiaris (Eddy, Hart, & Boltz, 1998; Mader, Hart, & Bergin, 1989). The service dog often eliminates the social barriers that exist for those who have disabilities and this can make a significant deviation to the lives of these patients (Mader, Hart, & Bergin, 1989). Studies have shown that people with physical disabilities report people talking to them when they were in public with their canis familiaris more oft than when they were without their service animate being (Lane, McNicholas, & Collis, 1998). These social interactions tin can facilitate a significant heave in cocky-esteem for those who accept disabilities (Winkle, Crowe, & Hendrix, 2012).

Social interactions can accept positive effects on abled-body children, promoting greater understanding and acceptance of their disabled peers (Mader, Hart, & Bergin, 1989). Multiple studies accept shown that service dogs have not only a positive psychological merely besides a positive financial touch on on children and adults with disabilities (Wenthold & Vicious, 2007).

The economical impact of service dogs is manifested by increased independence. Hours of outside assistance needed are reduced for patients who have a service dog (Rintala, Maramoros & Seitz, 2008). Allen and Blascovich (1996) found that the apply of a service dog decreased the need for paid assistance past 30 hours per week and greater independence was reported at domicile and in the community (Hubert et al., 2013). This increased independence can potentially lead to a decrease in hours lost in the workforce, possibly leading to a positive impact on the economic system as a whole.

Access Challenges for Providers

There is ofttimes confusion nigh differences between service dogs and therapy dogs.There is often confusion well-nigh differences between service dogs and therapy dogs. It is important to be able to distinguish betwixt the two, as their roles are different and the laws surrounding them also vary. Service dogs are not pets: they are working animals (U.S. Department of Justice, 2010; US Department of Health & Homo Services, 2016). These dogs are a tool for their handlers, the aforementioned as a wheelchair, glucometer, or a pair of glasses are for those who demand them.

Service dogs work for one handler and they perform a trained chore for that unique handler. Since they perform a trained job, they are protected nether the Americans with Disabilities Act ([ADA], 2010; Nondiscrimination on the footing of disabilities in state and local authorities serial, 2010). While the dog alone does not have public access rights, persons with a inability have public access rights that permit them to take their dogs with them into public places. These dogs are expected to piece of work consistently and safely, frequently in public places that can be very distracting (Mills & Yeager, 2012).

While the ADA does not require certification for service dogs, Assistance Dogs International (ADI) has developed a prepare of standards that are recommended for service dogs. These standards include the ability of the service domestic dog to perform at least three trained tasks that mitigate the patient'due south disability, to remain close to the handler in public fifty-fifty if the leash is dropped, and to be unalarmed by loud noises or distractions (Parenti, Foreman, Meade, & Wirth, 2013). The domestic dog is also expected to have behaviors and appearances that are appropriate in public (ADI, 2014).

Service dogs provide support for their owners, but they must too provide a trained task in order to qualify nether the ADA.Emotional back up dogs, whose functions are to provide comfort for their owners, are not covered under the ADA (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2016). Service dogs provide back up for their owners, but they must also provide a trained task in order to qualify under the ADA. Psychiatric Service dogs are not emotional support dogs if they perform a trained task (Mills & Yeager, 2012). If the dog has a trained task, such every bit alerting someone to an oncoming panic set on or reminding a person to take their medication, this skilled task qualifies them as a service dog. This can be a subtle but important distinction.

Skills or training of a therapy dog are non specific to a person's disability. Therapy dogs are non defined by federal law, simply some states take made the distinction. These dogs have contact with people and provide service, simply not just with people who take disabilities (Denholm, 2009; Delta Society, 2002). Skills or preparation of a therapy dog are not specific to a person's disability. A therapy canis familiaris tin very well be obediently trained, however, this is not a skilled chore intended to assist a person with their disability (Parenti et al., 2013).

Therapy dogs are oft seen in hospitals or healthcare facilities to diminish stress and human activity every bit distractions to patients. They can as well be seen in unproblematic schools as reading dogs or in airports to reduce rider anxiety. They can provide a great public service. Oft, facilities admit their benefits and volition take policies in place that allow these dogs into areas that have "no pets allowed" policies. These dogs are meant to provide emotional support to more one person. Even so, there is no federal protection that allows for public access for therapy dogs (Delta Society, 2002; Parenti et al., 2013).

Table one: Differences between ADA Service Dogs and Therapy Dogs

ADA Laws and Service Dogs

Dogs in public places, including healthcare provider offices, may cause warning for unknowing bystanders. There may exist concern every bit to the legitimacy of the dog's services and therefore its access to public places. According to the ADA (2010), only two questions virtually the domestic dog are immune: "Is that a service canis familiaris?" and "What task does the dog perform?" While these questions are vague, they are the only questions that are legally permitted. The patient may respond "yeah, he is a service domestic dog and he alerts to a medical status." The police prohibits asking for whatever farther details or caption.

The handler is non required to carry "proof" that the dog is a service canis familiaris.The handler is not required to carry "proof" that the canis familiaris is a service dog. No documents tin be requested and a vest for the dog is not required. However, nearly service dogs will wear a vest and some handlers carry identification to assist promote agreement of the service dog'southward role. However, it should be noted that a vest and identification can easily be obtained without any proof that a canis familiaris is a service dog, making information technology harder to distinguish a existent service dog from a faux.

While a well-trained service domestic dog is unlikely to be disruptive, information technology tin happen. The price of professionally trained service dogs frequently leads to handlers cocky-grooming their dogs. There is a lack of nationally mandated standards or certifications. Therefore, it is possible to run into a canis familiaris that is not adequately trained. If the service domestic dog is a threat to the wellness and safety of others, handlers may be asked to remove the dog from the setting. Removal requests can also occur if the dog is being disruptive, is out of command of the handler, or is not properly house trained (Nondiscrimination on the basis of disabilities in state and local government serial, 2010). Nevertheless, assumptions nearly the canis familiaris's beliefs, fear, or mild allergies are non valid reasons to deny access to a service dog. (U.S. Department of Health & Human being Services, 2016).

Table 2: Service Dogs and the ADA Laws

• Handler tin can be asked 2 questions only:
  • Is that a service canis familiaris?
  • What skilled tasks does the service dog perform?
• Service dogs tin accompany their handler anywhere the public is immune to get
• Service dog must be under handler's control
• Handlers cannot exist treated differently because they have a service dog
• No gear or certification is required
• Staff is not required to provide treat the service dog
• A service dog may only be asked to exit nether the following conditions:
  • The canis familiaris is not house trained
  • The dog is a threat to others that cannot exist reasonably accommodated

Potential Challenges and Risks in Acute Care Settings

At that place are many challenges for patients and healthcare workers when using a service domestic dog. Some of the challenges are legitimate hurdles that must be overcome, while others are just perceived risks. Many times, there are simple solutions for healthcare workers to minimize the challenges faced. The law states that service dogs cannot be denied access with their handlers in public areas that are non-sterile (Grace, 2013). This police force applies to not but the patient only also visitors who use service dogs. The ADA (2010) states:

Land and local governments, businesses, and nonprofit organizations that serve the public by and large must allow service animals to back-trail people with disabilities in all areas of the facility where the public is unremarkably immune to get (para. 6).

The nurse might be concerned about the wellbeing of other patients while a service dog is in the facility... fear of dogs and allergies are non valid reasons to request removal of a service domestic dog.The nurse might be concerned about the wellbeing of other patients while a service dog is in the facility. What if another patient is allergic to dogs? What if the nurse is afraid of dogs? Is there an communicable diseases hazard? These are valid concerns and ones that are ofttimes encountered, however, fear of dogs and allergies are not valid reasons to request a service dog be removed (U.Due south. Department of Health & Human Services, 2016).

Unlike a therapy dog, the service dog is only present in club to assist the handler. Therefore, interaction with other patients and staff should be minimal or absent. Reasonable accommodations tin be fabricated to ensure that the patient, service dog, and others are comfortable and condom. If a nurse is fearful or allergic, a simple solution is to change the staffing assignment. If a person has an allergy to dogs that is astringent enough that it a limits "one or more major life action" then the allergy is covered by the ADA. Both parties should receive reasonable accommodations (Denholm, 2009). It is imperative that the patient with a disability who uses a service dog is not isolated or treated differently than others who practice not have a service canis familiaris (U.S. Department of Health & Human being Services, 2016).

It is important to clearly differentiate betwixt actual risks and perceived risks. Infectious Disease. Information technology is important to decrease take chances of infection to patients regardless of whether the adventure comes from staff, visitors, or a service animal. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends minimal contact with saliva, dander, or waste matter elimination from dogs, and that those who come into contact with the dogs should launder their hands with lather and water (Sehulster & Chinn, 2003). The risk for transmission of disease from canine to human is low and can be diminished with careful planning and basic hygiene (Denholm, 2009). The CDC recommends that service dogs be allowed in healthcare facilities under the ADA unless meaning harm exists. It is the responsibleness of healthcare facilities to brand reasonable modifications in policies and procedures to reduce risks instead of simply denying access (Sehulster & Chinn, 2003). It is of import to conspicuously differentiate betwixt actual risks and perceived risks.

Many bug of having a service domestic dog in healthcare facilities arise from lack of adequate policies... Acute Care Settings Policies and Guidelines. Many obstacles of having a service canis familiaris in healthcare facilities ascend from lack of adequate policies; policies that contradict federal guidelines; and the healthcare team's limited exposure to and understanding of service dogs. Healthcare facilities should take clear policies and procedures in place for staff to apply as a guide. These policies should exist in compliance with federal ADA laws. Policies should clearly define the difference between therapy dogs and service dogs, as procedures and admission are dissimilar for the 2 types of dogs. Policies should accost and/or include the following data:

• Definition of service dog.
• How service dogs differ from therapy dogs.
• Questions staff are permitted to inquire: "Is that a service canis familiaris?" and "What skilled task does the service canis familiaris perform?"
• Access areas permitted/not permitted. Service dogs are permit to back-trail handlers in all areas of a medical facility open to patients, visitors, and personnel every bit long equally the dog'due south presence does not pose a direct threat to others nor alter the facility'southward proper functioning. A straight threat must be a significant risk to the rubber or health of others, where reasonable accommodations cannot be made to mitigate this adventure. Risks must be actual and not perceived risks. Exceptions are made for places in which special infection control measures are in place, such as a burn unit or operating room.
• Criteria for domestic dog removal. A handler should not be asked to remove his or her service canis familiaris unless the canis familiaris is incontinent or displays threatening behavior across the handler's control. It is of import to realize that some behaviors might appear confusing, such as barking, only may actually be a trained job, such as alerting to a change in patient condition. The handler must maintain control of the dog at all times, either through tethering, harness, leash, or phonation command (ADA, 2010; CDC, 2003; Nondiscrimination on the basis of disabilities in country and local regime series, 2010).

Clear policies and procedures are guidelines for staff to follow when they encounter a patient who has a service canis familiaris. Providing inservice instruction can familiarize staff with policies and laws, and their responsibilities every bit healthcare providers.

HIPAA. While the presence of a service dog might give information nigh a patient's inability, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Human action (HIPAA) laws must be followed at all times. If a dog is wearing a belong that says "Diabetic Alarm Canis familiaris", it can be assumed by other patients and staff that the handler has diabetes. The disability may not ever be so obvious.

Only discussing a patient with a service dog might be as much an identifier as the patient's name. Some handlers are willing to share the skillset of their service dogs with medical staff, but others are not so inclined. It can be tempting to discuss the patient with the "absurd dog" at the nurse'south station or in the elevator; however, information technology is of import to recollect that this patient deserves the same privacy as all patients. Merely discussing a patient with a service dog might be as much an identifier as the patient'due south name.

The Role of the Healthcare Professional person

Healthcare providers should non pet or talk to the dog unless granted permission by the handler.It may be tempting for the healthcare team to interact with a service domestic dog, but the canis familiaris is working and should non be distracted (U.S. Department of Wellness & Human Services, 2016). Healthcare providers should not pet or talk to the dog unless granted permission by the handler. Remember that the reason for the dog's presence is to help the disabled partner. The dog should be out of the way then as not to interfere with care existence provided. The healthcare team is non responsible for caring for the service dog. If the patient is too ill to care for the domestic dog, it is the patient'south responsibility to accommodate treat the creature.

Information technology is the function of the healthcare squad to comprise the service domestic dog into a holistic plan of care for the patient.It is the role of the healthcare team to incorporate the service dog into a holistic programme of treat the patient. Healthy People 2020'southward inability and wellness objectives propose patients with a inability, "...must have opportunities to accept function in meaningful daily activities that add to their growth, development, fulfillment, and community contribution" (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2014, para. ii). For many patients, their service dog is the link that allows them meliorate access to care and the environment around them. The service canis familiaris is an essential lifeline, regardless of whether they are in a medical facility or functioning in daily life. Healthcare providers must acknowledge the benefits of a service animate being in order to forestall unacceptable gaps in care.

While there are laws and policies regarding service dogs in healthcare facilities, providing patient-centered care requires the healthcare team to be innovative. It has been well documented that service dogs provide emotional support to their handler (Hubert et al, 2013; Collins et al., 2006). Their presence alone tin alleviate stress or fearfulness. At that place take been instances when the service dog has a skill that medical scientific discipline cannot provide. At times, the dog can be a better intervention than those provided by medical equipment. The following exemplar demonstrates many of the ideas discussed in this article.

Exemplar

 JJ'due south presence was non intended as a condolement mensurate for KK, but every bit a tool to assistance her surgical team monitor for impending reactions.On Dec 18, 2013, a white, terrier mix, medical alert dog named JJ fabricated international news when she accompanied her 7-year-old handler, KK, and trainer, into a process room. KK was having a process under anesthesia at Duke University Hospital in Durham, NC (Quinllin, 2013; Osunsami, 2014). JJ's presence was not intended as a comfort measure for KK, but as a tool to assist her surgical squad monitor for impending reactions. KK has a rare condition chosen mastocytosis and anesthesia is a well-documented risk for patients with this condition (Carter, Uzzaman, Scott, Metcalfe, & Quezado, 2009). KK had had reactions to anesthesia in the by. JJ had demonstrated incredible skill at alerting when KK was in the early on stages of a reaction. She would alert earlier any signs of the reaction were nowadays on the medical equipment. She had alerted an impending reaction minutes before changes were observed on telemeter or pulse oximetry. In time-sensitive situations, identifying reactions early tin can allow patients like KK to be medicated quickly, preventing life-threatening anaphylaxis.

Photograph included with permission.

During the procedure, JJ showed pre-warning behaviors when KK was coming out of anesthesia and adjustments were made by the squad as a result. KK proceeded through the procedure without any major reactions or complications. JJ was handled by her trainer, who interpreted her beliefs to KK's surgical team and ensured that JJ's presence did non interfere with sterile fields or the care provided past KK's surgical squad.

While JJ's presence in a procedure room was non covered by the ADA, KK'southward surgical team felt that the benefits far outweighed the risks.While JJ's presence in a procedure room was non covered by the ADA, KK's surgical squad felt that the benefits far outweighed the risks. The surgical team requested special permission from administration to have JJ and her trainer in the room during the procedure. KK underwent a non-sterile procedure that required high-gamble anesthesia as a effect of her underlying condition of mastocytosis. The anesthesiologist remarked, "It sounds silly, in this age of technology, when we accept millions of dollars' worth of equipment beeping around me, that nosotros had a little dog who was more sensitive than all the machines" (Quinllin, 2013).

Having service dogs in procedure rooms while patients are under anesthesia is unlikely to become common practice; even so, it does offer a slap-up instance of patient-centered intendance. Ambardekar, Litman, and Schwartz (2013) described a situation where a service canis familiaris was permitted to accompany a patient and "helped" administer anesthesia past assisting the nurse in pushing the medication with his paw. The service dog'due south presence prior to surgery was calming to the autistic patient. The skills that these dogs possess are often underestimated. Sometimes information technology might be in a patient'south best interest for the service dog to exist at his or her side, even if it is non protected by the ADA.

Photograph included with permission.

Future Recommendations and Nursing Implications

As the part of the service dog in plans of care continues to expand, so will the number of service dogs entering the healthcare arena. Research virtually their apply and patient benefits should be further explored. There is picayune electric current, relevant enquiry in this area and this lack of bear witness leaves nurses uninformed about the utilise of service dogs and the role of nurses caring for patients who have them.

Table 3: Nursing Implications

• Know the ADA law
• Exist familiar with facility policies
• Differentiate between service dogs and therapy dogs
• Enquire the handler how the dog assists
• Identify patients who might do good from a service dog
• Incorporate the service dog into the patient'southward plan of intendance

Decision

Agreement the roles of service dogs can assistance patients who employ these dogs, as well every bit those who might have conditions where a service dog could be beneficial. As the utilise of service dogs increases, the likelihood of encountering a patient with a service canis familiaris also rises. Whether in the primary or acute intendance settings, patients with disabilities who use a service dog will benefit from healthcare workers with greater awareness about laws and standards regarding the dog's presence in healthcare facilities. Nurses should understand and consider the variety of ways in which service dogs might aid other patients. Understanding the roles of service dogs can assistance patients who use these dogs, also equally those who might have conditions where a service dog could be benign.

Perhaps the well-nigh therapeutic intervention for the patient may exist the potential do good of a service dog, and not a new medication or medical device. Healthcare teams and facilities that are educated most relevant ADA laws and policies are in the best position to implement holistic plans of treat patients who rely on service dogs to diminish the effects of their inability.

Author

Michelle Krawczyk, DNP, ARNP-BC
Email: mkrawczyk@chamberlain.edu

Michelle Krawczyk is a nurse practitioner who is currently working in academia. She is the handler for her 10 yr former daughter'due south service dog, JJ. She helps to educate healthcare workers and the public well-nigh the function of service dogs as well as promotes the rights of disabled persons who utilise service dogs. She also is on the Lath of Directors for Optics Ears Nose and Paws, a nonprofit who trains service dogs for those with disabilities.

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© 2016 OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing

Commodity published Nov 29, 2016

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